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- DESCRIPTIONS OF PHOTOGRAPHS
-
- INDEX MAP
-
- 1. Index map of photographic sites
-
- I. SAN FRANCISCO
-
- 2. Cars crushed by collapsing brick facade near Fifth and
- Townsend Streets. At this locality, five people were killed
- while leaving from work. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 3. Crushed car near the intersection of Fifth and Townsend
- Streets, South of Market. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 4. Aerial view of collapsed buildings and burned-out section at
- Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina District. [C.E. Meyer, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 5. Demolition of collapsed building and watering down of burned
- area, October 18, 1989, Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina
- District. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 6. Ground view of collapsed building and burned area shown in
- photot 3, Beach and Divisadero Streets, Marina District. [C.E.
- Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 7. Absence of adequate shear walls on the garage level
- exacerbated damage to this structure at the corner of Beach and
- Divisadero Streets, Marina District. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 8. Entrance and garage level of a Beach Street apartment complex
- in danger of collapse, Marina District. [C.E. Meyer, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 9. An automobile lies crushed under the third story of this
- apartment building in the Marina District. The ground levels are
- no longer visible because of structural failure and sinking due
- to liquefaction. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 10. Collapsed brickwork from a corner apartment building, Marina
- District. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 11. Smoldering remains of the apartment complex at the corner of
- Beach and Divisadero Streets, the Marina District. [J.K. Nakata,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 12. A search-and-rescue team in the Marina District wait for a
- building to be buttressed before entering the structure. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 13. Tom Brokaw of NBC News prepares script for a live broadcast
- from the Marina District. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 14. Electric wires being removed from unstable towers by city
- utility workers. Arresting sparks from broken wires was a
- priority in those areas with broken gas mains. [J.K. Nakata,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- II. BAY BRIDGE
-
- 15. Aerial view of roadbed collapse near the interface of the
- cantilever and truss sections of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay
- Bridge. View northwestward. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 16. Aerial view of the collapsed section of the San Francisco-
- Oakland Bay Bridge. View westward. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 17. ╥Sand boil╙ or sand volcano measuring 2 m (6.6 ft) in length
- erupted in median of Interstate Highway 80 west of the Bay Bridge
- toll plaza when ground shaking transformed loose water-saturated
- deposit of subsurface sand into a sand-water slurry
- (liquefaction). Vented sand contains-marine shell fragments.
- [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- III. OAKLAND
-
- 18. Aerial view of collapsed sections of the Cypress viaduct of
- Interstate Highway 880. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 19. Aerial view of collapsed sections of the Cypress viaduct of
- Interstate Highway 880. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 20. Reinforcement bars exposed at the base of the Cypress
- viaduct near 14th Street. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 21. Remnant portion of the north- and south-bound Cypress viaduct
- exposing box girders near 14th Street. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 22. Side view of support-column failure and collapsed upper deck,
- Cypress viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 23. Support-column failure and collapsed upper deck, Cypress
- viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 24. Bent reinforcement bars in failed support column, Cypress
- viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 25. Closeup of damaged reinforcement bars from a Cypress viaduct
- support column. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 26. Pancaked upper deck, Cypress viaduct. Guard rail at right is
- on lower deck. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 27. Sheared reinforcement bar, Cypress viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 28. Temporary support structures emplaced to prevent further
- collapse, Cypress viaduct. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 29. Demolition of Cypress structure near 14th Street. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 30. A downtown building at the corner of Alice and 13th Streets
- lost part of its unreinforced facade and brick masonry. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- IV. SAN FRANCISCO AND SAN MATEO COUNTY COAST
-
- 31. Cliff failure just south of San Gregorio Beach. Slide is
- 18.3 meters (60 ft) high and displaces approximately 6881 cubic
- meters (9,000 cubic yards) of material. Large boulders are 1 m
- (3 ft) across. [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 32. Cliff failure north of Tunitas Creek. This face continued to
- slide for a few days after the earthquake. The event in progress
- exposed dark cliff material. [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 33. Landslide north of Fort Funston. Slide mass contains
- approximately 2,830 cubic meters (3,700 cubic yards) and is 30 m
- (100 ft) high. Photo 35 provides an aerial view of this slide.
- [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 34. Head scarp of small slide at Redondo Beach. Scale is
- provided by the red-handled rock hammer, which is 30.5 cm (12
- in.) long. [D.M. Peterson, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 35. Aerial view of large slides north of Fort Funston. A ground
- perspective of this slide is shown in photo 33. [S.D. Ellen,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 36. Aerial view of slide at Daly City. This is the largest slide
- triggered by the earthquake in San Mateo County, displacing
- approximately 36,700 cubic meters (48,000 cubic yards) of
- material. The base is about 152 me (500 ft) across at its widest
- point. [S.D. Ellen, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- V. FREMONT BAYLANDS
-
- 37. KGO radio transmission towers, built on bay mud in a salt-
- evaporation pond used by the Leslie Salt Company. Note
- progressively less damage to towers away from viewer. [H.G.
- Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 38. KGO radio transmission towers. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- VI. MENLO PARK
-
- 39. Unfastened bookcases in an office building fell during the
- primary shock. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 40. Books and air-conditioning duct were dislodged during the
- earthquake. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 41. Seismographs at the U.S. Geological Survey record (1) north-
- south horizontal, (2) east-west horizontal, and (3) vertical
- components of the earthquake. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- VII. LOS ALTOS
-
- 42. Aerial view of collapsed five-story tower, St. Joseph╒s
- Seminary. One person working in tower was killed. [H.G.
- Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 43. Aerial view of collapsed five-story tower, St. Joseph╒s
- Seminary. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 44. Nontectonic surface rupture across Highway 280 at the
- interface of a roadcut and fill area 2.5 km (1.5 mi) north of
- Foothill Expressway. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 45. The cement retaining walls along Highway 280 deformed in
- accordion-like pattern as a result of lateral compression. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- VIII. LOS GATOS
-
- 46. Failure of unreinforced brick masonry caused collapse of the
- upper floor in downtown Los Gatos. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 47. Photograph taken in a ceramics shop during an aftershock.
- [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 48. Books lie scattered in aisles of a downtown bookstore. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 49. Many residents camped in their yards after the earthquake.
- [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 50. Personal messages posted on van at Emergency Center. [C.E.
- Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 51. Vehicle crushed by collapse of unreinforced-brick masonry.
- [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 52. Failure of porch on frame house. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 53. Drain grating shows the effects of lateral compression.
- [R.A. Haugerud, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 54. Downtown sidewalk buckled due to compression. [J.K. Nakata,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- IX. SUMMIT ROAD AREA, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS
-
- 55. Crack system with 1.2 m (4 ft) of vertical displacement
- across a clay tennis court; fracture passes across retaining wall
- and up slope beyond view. West of Summit Road, southeast of
- Highway 17. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 56. A crack system destroys driveway adjacent to summit road 0.8
- km (1/2 mi) southeast of Highway 17. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 57. A geologist traces surface cracks in a corral adjacent to
- summit road approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) southeast of Highway 17.
- [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 58. Northwest-trending extensional crack where dam fill settled
- about 0.6 m (2 ft) and pulled away from concrete spillway and
- north abutment of Austrian Dam. [R.J. McLaughlin, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 59. Prominent N. 15o W.-trending extensional cracks up to 12 cm
- (4.7 in.) wide in concrete spillway to Austrian Dam, north
- abutment. [G.R. Fisher, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- X. REDWOOD GROVE, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS
-
- 60. Geologist exchanging information with rescue personnel.
- [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 61. Bedroom showing effects of the earthquake. [J.K. Nakata,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 62. House destroyed by failure of downslope support piers. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 63. House moved laterally off cement foundation. [J.K. Nakata,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- XI. BOULDER CREEK, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS
-
- 64. Collapsed garage built on fill. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 65. Construction on fill and the absence of adequate shear walls
- contributed to the failure of this structure. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 66. House torn off its foundation by the main shock. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- XII. HIGHWAY 17, SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS
-
- 67. Landslide debris blocks both eastbound lanes of Highway 17
- near Summit Road. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 68. Landslide debris blocks both eastbound lanes of Highway 17
- near Summit Road. Foreground material is damaged lane separators.
- [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 69. This roadcut near Summit Road failed during the initial
- earthquake and subsequent aftershocks. To mitigate further
- sliding, Caltrans decreased the slope angle. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 70. Damaged lane separators, Highway 17. [C.E. Meyer, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 71. Broken concrete divider near the intersection of Summit Road
- and Highway 17. [R.A. Haugerud, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- XIII. SANTA CRUZ AREA
-
- 72. Clock tower near north end of Pacific Garden Mall. Not known
- if clock was fast or if it ran for about 6 minutes after the
- earthquake. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 73. Bicycles crushed by falling unreinforced brick facade,
- Pacific Garden Mall. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 74. Collapsed unreinforced-brick facade, Pacific Garden Mall.
- [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 75. Rescue efforts, Pacific Garden Mall. [C.E. Meyer, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 76. Removal of debris while searching for victims, Pacific Garden
- Mall. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 77. Searching for victims at collapsed department store, Pacific
- Garden Mall. [C.E. Meyer, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 78. Storefront damage, Pacific Garden Mall. [C.E. Meyer, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 79. ╥Unsafe to occupy" signs were posted by the Governor's Office
- of Emergency Services. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 80. Collapsed outer wall of the Medico Dental Building, Pacific
- Garden Mall. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 81. Close-up of collapsed wall of unreinforced masonry, Medico
- Dental Building in the Pacific Garden Mall. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 82. Liquefaction in recent deposits of San Lorenzo River caused
- cracking and differential settling of river levee southeast of
- Riverside Avenue Bridge. Bridge piers and the north abutment
- area were also damaged by liquefaction. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 83. Landslide-displaced trees reflect earthquake-triggered slope
- failure along coastal bluff, New Brighton Beach area, Santa Cruz
- County. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- XIV. WATSONVILLE AREA
-
- 84. Liquefaction in recent deposits of the Pajaro River formed
- these sand volcanoes along extensional fissures in a field
- prepared for autumn planting near Pajaro, across the Pajaro
- River from Watsonville. Furrows are spaced about 1.2 m (4 ft)
- apart. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 85. Vent of sand volcano produced by liquefaction is about 4 ft
- across in strawberry field near Watsonville. Strip spanning vent
- is conduit for drip irrigation system. Furrow spacing is about
- 1.2 m (4 ft) on center. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 86. Liquefaction in recent deposits of the Pajaro River formed
- sand volcanoes along a fissure 6-7 m (19.7-23 ft) long.
- Variation in grain size and partial erosion of the conical
- deposits of sand show that venting of the slurry of sand and
- water was a complex series of depositional and erosional events
- triggered by the main shock and renewed in some instances by
- principal aftershocks. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 87. Ground shaking triggered liquefaction in a subsurface layer
- of sand, producing differential lateral and vertical movement in
- a overlying carapace of unliquified sand and silt, which moved
- from right to left toward the Pajaro River. This mode of ground
- failure, termed ╥lateral spreading," is a principal cause of
- liquefaction-related earthquake damage. [S.D. Ellen, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 88. Crack down front of Ford╒s Department Store, downtown
- Watsonville. Although this fracture appears minor, the building
- was significantly damaged. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 89. Houses not bolted down securely were easily dislodged from
- their foundations in downtown Watsonville. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 90. Many homeowners buttressed their foundations to prevent
- further damage from aftershocks in downtown Watsonville. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 91. Broken utility lines in house that shifted off its
- foundation, downtown Watsonville. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 92. Collapsed porch, downtown Watsonville. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 93. This house was dislodged from its foundation and moved 0.75
- m (2.5 ft) from the cement stairway, downtown Watsonville. [J.K.
- Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 94. Structural failure of twin bridges carrying Highway 1 across
- Struve Slough near Watsonville. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- 95. Closeup of collapsed bridge section on Highway 1 at Struve
- Slough. [J.K. Nakata, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 96. Failure at joist/columns interface contributed to the
- collapse of elevated roadbed on Highway 1. [J.K. Nakata, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 97. Support columns of Highway 1 bridge across Struve Slough
- protrude through roadbed. This resulted from collapse of the
- roadbed after the effects of lateral shaking shown in photo 98.
- [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 98. Support column of bridge across Struve Slough, Highway 1.
- Enlargement of hole where support enters the ground is an effect
- of lateral shaking, which caused the concrete to break up where
- the column joined the bridge and was instrumental in the roadbed
- collapse. [H.G. Wilshire, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 99. A fracture cuts the roadbed, curbs, and railings on the
- collapsed section of Highway 1 at Struve Slough. [J.K. Nakata,
- U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- XV. MOSS LANDING
-
- 100. Liquefaction and subsequent strong tidal action destroyed a
- causeway carrying the Moss Beach access road across tidewater
- basin near Moss Landing. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
- 101. Ground cracking and differential settlement dueg to
- liquefaction of beach and Salinas River deposits damaged approach
- and abutment of bridge linking Moss Landing spit to the mainland,
- near Moss Landing Marine Laboratory. [J.C. Tinsley, U.S.
- Geological Survey]
-
- 102. Differential settlement due to liquefaction caused cracking
- of paved road on Pauls Island. [S.D. Ellen, U.S. Geological
- Survey]
-
- XVI. SALINAS
-
- 103. Partially razed earthquake-damaged unreinforced-masonry
- buildings in Old Town historical district, City of Salinas.
- [J.C. Tinsley, U.S. Geological Survey]
-
-